Adult RespiratoryDistress Syndrome ARDS
Adult RespiratoryDistress Syndrome ARDS
ARDS
Rapidly developing respiratoryinsufficiency resulting from leakage ofprotein-rich edema fluid into alveoli 2°damage to capillary endothelium
ARDSConstellation of Signs and Symptoms
Tachypnea, dyspnea, cough
Diffuse air-space disease on chest x-ray
Severe arterial oxygen desaturation
Resistant to high concentrations of 02
Pulmonary function tests
Decreased compliance
Increased pulmonary vascular pressures andresistances
Shock lung
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency
Pump lung
Stiff lung syndrome
Respirator lung
Hemorrhagic lung
ARDSSynonyms
Predisposing conditions
Shock
Hypovolemic, hemorrhagic
Septic-especially gram negative
Massive aspiration of gastric contents
Mendelsohn’s Syndrome
Burns
Acute pancreatitis
Heroin/methadone/crack cocaine overdose
Predisposing conditionsContinued
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Smoke, chlorine gas, NO2 inhalation
Massive viral pneumonia
Fat embolism
Near-drowning
Pathophysiology of ARDS
Diffuse alveolar damage
Damage to type I pneumocytes floodingof alveoli with edema fluid
Hyaline membranes form
Line distal airways and alveoli
Pathophysiology of ARDS
Type II pneumocytes proliferate toreline denuded alveolar surfaces
Fibroblastic tissue generated in andaround airspaces
Pathophysiology of ARDSRole of Leukocytes
PMLs in lung and bloodstream activated byvariety of mechanisms
Release oxygen-free radicals, lysozomalnzs and arachidonate metabolites
Damage capillary and alveolar endothelium
Pathophysiology of ARDSEnzymes and Mediators
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxane
Prekallikrein
Bradykinin
Complement
Blood-clotting factors
Pathologic Findings
Hemorrhage
Microatelectasis
Hyaline membrane formation
Destruction of type I pneumocytes
Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes
Collagen deposition and fibrosis
X-ray FindingsImportant Negative Findings
No cardiomegaly
No pleural effusions
No Kerley B lines
X-ray FindingsImportant Positive Findings
Peripheral distribution to patchy infiltrates
Air bronchograms
X-Ray FindingsFirst 24 hours
Delay in onset of any x-ray findings for12 hours post-onset of symptoms
Between 12 and 24 hours
Patchy alveolar infiltrates appear in bothlungs
Frequently peripheral in location
X-Ray FindingsFirst 48 hours
Between 24 and 48 hours
Coalesce  massive air-space consolidation ofboth lungs
Frequently with air bronchograms
X-Ray FindingsFirst week
From 5 to 7 days
Clearing is frequently 2° effects of CPPventilation rather than true healing
Watch for pulmonary interstitial emphysema
Pneumonia may superimpose
Look for new focal infiltrates and pleural effusion
X-Ray FindingsLong-term
More than one week
Coarse reticular interstitial disease which may fibrosis
Complications of CPP Ventilation
May result in complete “clearing”minutes after starting
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
Pneumothorax
Pneumomediastinum
ARDSDifferential Diagnosis
Diffuse bacterial pneumonia
Impossible to tell except clinically
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Renal-based pulmonary edema
Differential DiagnosisKerley B lines and Peribronchial Cuffing
Cardiac 30%
Renal 30%
ARDS None
Differential DiagnosisDistribution of Pulmonary Edema
Cardiac Even 90%
Renal Central 70%
ARDSPeripheral in 45%Even in 35%
Differential DiagnosisAir Bronchograms
Cardiac20%
Renal20%
ARDS 70%
Differential DiagnosisPleural Effusions
Cardiac40%
Renal30%
ARDS10%
ARDSClinical
Dyspnea, cough, tachypnea
Severe hypoxemia
Normal or decreased PaCO2
Blood-tinged sputum signifies full-blown syndrome
ARDSPrognosis
Mortality in full-blown syndrome >50%
Usually from multi-organ failure, esp.renal failure
Increasing PO2
Not associated with increased survival
ECMO doesn’t work
Survivors may have mild restrictivelung disease
Related forms of Pulmonary Edema
High-altitude pulmonary edema
>11,000 ft
Re-expansion pulmonary edema
Usually long-standing PTX too rapidlyexpanded
Pulmonary edema associated withsevere upper airway obstruction
Laryngospasm
Clinical Lag          Patchy infiltrates                     Clearing
Insult             Radiologic Lag       Diffuse Disease                Residual InterstitialFibrosis
Time Line for ARDS